> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://techandsc.gitbook.io/youth-development/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://techandsc.gitbook.io/youth-development/2.-key-theories-of-youth-development/section-2-activities/2b.-test-yourself.md).

# 2B. Test yourself

Which of the following is an example of “formal operational thinking”?

* Reasoning and inferring answers to a question within one’s head
* Drawing a picture to understand a concept or come up with an answer
* Observing, dropping, and grasping objects to understand them

Vygotsky focused on learning that takes place through:

* Role models
* Social interaction
* Repetition and practice
* Focused attention

Which of the following would best describe a constructionist approach to learning:

* Learners work in groups
* Skill and drill practice
* Teachers instruct or direct learning
* Learners take control

Social learning theory posits that youth learn through:

* Modeling behavior of others
* Negative/positive reinforcement
* Peer interaction
* Reward and punishment

Which of the following five subsystems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model is focused on settings that indirectly involve a young person?

* Mesosystem
* Exosystem
* Macrosystem
* Microsystem
* Chronosystem

As they move into adulthood, youth must overcome a series of ***\_*** that must be resolved.