2B. Test yourself

Which of the following is an example of “formal operational thinking”?

• Reasoning and inferring answers to a question within one’s head

• Drawing a picture to understand a concept or come up with an answer

• Observing, dropping, and grasping objects to understand them

Vygotsky focused on learning that takes place through:

• Role models

• Social interaction

• Repetition and practice

• Focused attention

Which of the following would best describe a constructionist approach to learning:

• Learners work in groups

• Skill and drill practice

• Teachers instruct or direct learning

• Learners take control

Social learning theory posits that youth learn through:

• Modeling behavior of others

• Negative/positive reinforcement

• Peer interaction

• Reward and punishment

Which of the following five subsystems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model is focused on settings that indirectly involve a young person?

• Mesosystem

• Exosystem

• Macrosystem

• Microsystem

• Chronosystem

As they move into adulthood, youth must overcome a series of _ that must be resolved.